Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement

1. Ethical Research Compliance

Human research must comply with the Declaration of Helsinki (https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/), including documented informed consent.
Animal research must follow EU Directive 2010/63/EU (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32010L0063) and adhere to the 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).
Ethics committee approval is required for all research involving human or animal subjects and must be explicitly stated in the manuscript.

All manuscripts undergo plagiarism detection using iThenticate (https://www.ithenticate.com/).
Data fabrication and falsification are strictly prohibited.
Ghost authorship and guest authorship are considered serious ethical violations.
Any suspected misconduct is investigated in accordance with COPE guidelines (https://publicationethics.org/), and appropriate measures, including retraction, will be taken if necessary.

The journal follows a double-blind peer review system, ensuring anonymity for both authors and reviewers.
Reviewers assess manuscripts based on scientific merit, methodology, originality, and ethical compliance.
Editorial decisions are based solely on the quality of the research, free from financial or institutional bias.

Authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose any conflicts of interest, whether financial, professional, or personal.
Any conflicts that could influence objectivity in the research process will be publicly disclosed.