Uvod. Patološki procesi u jetri mogu biti difuznog karaktera (zapaljenski,metaboličke bolesti, hematološke bolesti, toksične bolesti) i fokalne (zapaljenske,parazitarne i tumorske). Cilj rada je prikaz fokalnih promjena u jetrinomparenhimu nakon ultrazvučne, laparaskopske i patohistološke dijagnostike.Metode. Retrospektivno-prospektivnim ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 147punoljetnih pacijenata oba pola. Fokalne promjene jetrinog tkiva su sagledaneultrazvučnom, laparoskopskom i patohistološkom dijagnostikom.Rezultati. Osnovne karakteristike ispitanika: muškaraca 71 i žena 76 sanajvećim brojem pacijenata (102 - 70%) životne dobi između 40 i 70 godina,sa ravnomjernom distribucijom za svakih deset godina starosti. Međutim,neobično je veliki broj pacijenata ženskog pola registrovan u četvrtoj decenijiživota, čak 14 (9,5%) od ukupnog broja ispitanika, odnosno 18% odispitanika ženskog pola. Metastaze čine 104 (71%) svih fokalnih lezija jetre.U većini slučajeva radilo se o metastazama karcinoma dojke. Iako najčešćeimaju tipičnu ultrazvučnu prezentaciju, metastaze u jetri mogu da daju širokspektar različitih ultrazvučnih slikaZaključak. Najčešće fokalne promjene u jetri su metastaze adenokarcinoma.Samo 3 (2%) fokalne promjene dijagnostikovane ultrazvukom nisu potvrđenekao fokalne laparoskopskom tehnikom i patohistološkom analizom tkiva jetre.

Cardiovascular diseases rank first on the mortality list globally or 31%. The basic measure of prevention in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization is a change in risk lifestyle in terms of diet, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption. Vitamin D was previously recognized as a regulator of calcium and phosphorus ratio, bone remodeling or the main controller of skeletal pathophysiology. However, vitamin D enjoys great interest in clinical and epidemiological research in terms of its possible impact on reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among other things, vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of endothelial dysfunction. Although the deficiency has been identified as a risk marker for cardiovascular diseases, the mechanism of action of vitamin D on the path from endothelial dysfunction to cardiovascular diseases has not been fully revealed. The findings in this segment of activity of vitamin D would be significant in terms of reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases.

Introduction. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease resulting from an inadequate immune response to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals as a result of consuming gluten and other related proteins present in wheat, rye, barley and oats. The only cure for this specific disease is a strict, carefully controlled and lifelong gluten-free diet. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the elapsed time between the onset of the first symptoms and the diagnosis of celiac disease affected the psycho-physical functioning and social life of children and adolescents.

Methods. The study involved 116 respondents (39 of them were males), aged 8-18 years, who were diagnosed with celiac disease. The Documentation Sheet and the Celiac-Specific Pediatric Health-Related Instrument (CDPQOL), measuring the psycho-physical functioning and social life, were used in the study.

Results. 50% of subjects, aged ≤ 2 years, were diagnosed with celiac disease. 48.28% of them were diagnosed with the disease within three months after the symptom onset. In respondents with celiac disease, aged 8-12 years, there was no statistically significant difference between the psycho-physical functioning and social life and the elapsed time between the first symptoms and the established diagnosis. In subjects aged 13-18 years, using CDPQOL, a statistically significant difference was found in the following domains: school functioning, going out and social events, self-confidence. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference between total CDPQOL score and the elapsed time between the first symptoms and the established diagnosis.

Conclusion. The elapsed time between the first symptoms and the established diagnosis significantly affects the psycho-physical functioning and social life of subjects aged 13-18 years, but it does not affect the psycho-physical functioning and social life of the younger respondents. This is to confirm the importance of early diagnosis and treatment initiation.