PUBLICATION ETHICS AND MALPRACTICE STATEMENT

1. Ethical Research Compliance

   •           Human research must comply with the Declaration of Helsinki (https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/), including documented informed consent.

   •           Animal research must follow EU Directive 2010/63/EU (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32010L0063) and adhere to the 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).

   •           Ethics committee approval is required for all research involving human or animal subjects and must be explicitly stated in the manuscript.

2. Research Integrity and Misconduct

   •           All manuscripts undergo plagiarism detection using iThenticate (https://www.ithenticate.com/).

   •           Data fabrication and falsification are strictly prohibited.

   •           Ghost authorship and guest authorship are considered serious ethical violations.

   •           Any suspected misconduct is investigated in accordance with COPE guidelines (https://publicationethics.org/), and appropriate measures, including retraction, will be taken if necessary.

3. Peer Review and Editorial Ethics

   •           The journal follows a double-blind peer review system, ensuring anonymity for both authors and reviewers.

   •           Reviewers assess manuscripts based on scientific merit, methodology, originality, and ethical compliance.

   •           Editorial decisions are based solely on the quality of the research, free from financial or institutional bias.

4. Conflicts of Interest

   •           Authors, editors, and reviewers must disclose any conflicts of interest, whether financial, professional, or personal.

   •           Any conflicts that could influence objectivity in the research process will be publicly disclosed.